Le métro du Caire : comment des millions de passagers circulent sous une ville qui ne s'arrête jamais

Beneath the traffic-choked streets of one of the world's most crowded capitals runs a network that has quietly reshaped daily life for two generations. When Line 1 of the Cairo Metro opened in 1987, it was the first underground railway in Africa and the Middle East. Nearly four decades later, the metro is the backbone of public transport in Greater Cairo, a region of more than twenty million people, and one of the busiest urban rail systems on the continent.

The idea was born of necessity. By the 1980s Cairo's roads had reached saturation, and planners turned to a solution that made use of what already existed: two suburban railway lines, one running south to Helwan and the other north-east to El Marg, were joined by a tunnel beneath the city centre. Built in cooperation with France, the resulting line stretches roughly forty-four kilometres and carries commuters through the heart of downtown without meeting a single traffic light.

Line 2 followed in the 1990s and delivered a new engineering milestone: the first rail crossing beneath the Nile. It links Shubra El-Kheima in the north with El Mounib in Giza, passing through downtown and serving Cairo University, one of the busiest destinations in the capital. Its construction relied on tunnel-boring machines working deep beneath one of the most densely built urban environments in the region.

Line 3, opened in stages from 2012 onwards, is the network's newest and longest artery. It runs from Adly Mansour in the east, where it meets the electric light rail heading to the new cities, across central Cairo to Kit Kat, where it splits into two branches: one towards Cairo University and the other towards Rod El-Farag. Along the way it brought the metro to districts such as Heliopolis, Abbassia, Zamalek and Imbaba.

The three lines meet at a handful of interchange stations that any regular rider knows by heart: Sadat beneath Tahrir Square and Al Shohadaa at Ramses connect Lines 1 and 2; Attaba links Lines 2 and 3; Gamal Abdel Nasser joins Lines 1 and 3; and Cairo University connects Line 2 with the southern branch of Line 3. At peak hours these hubs handle enormous flows of passengers moving between the north, south, east and west of the capital.

Ridership figures vary by source and season, but estimates have long put the number of daily journeys in the millions, making the Cairo Metro one of the most heavily used systems in Africa and the Arab world. For hundreds of thousands of workers and students, the metro is not one option among many but the only realistic way to cross the city on time and on a budget.

Fares are tiered by distance: the price of a ticket depends on how many stations a passenger travels, and rechargeable cards are available for frequent riders. Trains also reserve specific carriages for women, a feature introduced to make travel more comfortable in crowded conditions, while women remain free to ride any carriage they choose.

Expansion has accelerated in recent years. Line 4 is under construction with Japanese financing in the direction of Giza and the pyramids area, and further lines feature in the long-term transport scheme for Greater Cairo. Beyond the metro itself, the electric light rail linking Adly Mansour with the new urban communities east of Cairo entered service in recent years, and a monorail project is intended to connect the New Administrative Capital and 6th of October City with the existing network.

The economic case is straightforward. Studies of Cairo's congestion have long estimated its cost at billions of dollars a year in wasted fuel and lost time, and every passenger who travels underground means one less car or microbus on the roads. The metro also matters socially: its ticket remains modest compared with private transport and ride-hailing, keeping movement around the city within reach of lower-income households.

The system faces real challenges nonetheless. Trains on the older lines are packed at rush hour; maintaining ageing rolling stock, improving accessibility for passengers with disabilities and financing expansion are all pressing files; and there is a permanent balancing act between socially acceptable fares and operating costs, a debate that resurfaces whenever prices are adjusted.

For all the strains, the metro remains one of the most visible successes of Egyptian public infrastructure. What began as a single line in 1987 has become a daily habit for millions, and its map, redrawn every few years with new stations, is a quiet record of how the capital itself keeps growing.